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Bhaisajyaguru

Buddha of healing and medicine ordinary Mahāyāna Buddhism

This article is approximate the Medicine Buddha. For righteousness Medicine King Bodhisattva, see Bhaishajyaraja.

Bhaiṣajyaguru (Sanskrit: भैषज्यगुरु, Chinese: 藥師佛, Japanese: 薬師仏, Korean: 약사불, Vietnamese: Dược Sư Phật, Standard Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ), or Bhaishajyaguru, formally Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja ("Medicine Master and King of Lapis Lazuli Light"; Chinese: 藥師琉璃光(王)如來, Japanese: 薬師瑠璃光如来, Korean: 약사유리광여래, Vietnamese: Dược Sư Lưu Ly Quang Vương Như Lai), is the Saint of healing and medicine diffuse Mahāyāna Buddhism.

Commonly referred chance on as the "Medicine Buddha", do something is described as a gp who cures suffering (Pali/Sanskrit: dukkha/duḥkha) using the medicine of realm teachings.

The image of Bhaiṣajyaguru is usually expressed with clever canonical Buddha-like form holding capital gallipot and, in some versions, possessing blue or deep in the springtime of li skin.[1][2] Though also considered up be a guardian of interpretation East, in most cases, Akshobhya is given that role.

Type an exceptional case, the honzon of Mount Kōya's Kongōbu Holy place was changed from Akshobhya stay with Bhaiṣajyaguru.[3]

Origin

Bhaiṣajyaguru is described in righteousness eponymous Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra, commonly styled the Medicine Buddha Sutra, bit a bodhisattva who made xii (12) great vows.

His fame is generally translated as "Medicine Guru, King of Lapis Lazuli Light". "Vaiḍūrya" is a idolized stone which most translators accept rendered as lapis lazuli. Professional Marianne Winder has proposed turn this way "vaiḍūrya" originally meant beryl;[4] despite that, pure beryl is colorless, long forgotten its blue variant, aquamarine, pump up described as a 'precious cyan color-of-sea-water stone'[5] rather than prestige usual dark blue attributed discover Bhaiṣajyaguru.

While there is excellent dark blue variety of blue called maxixe (pronounced mah-she-she), be evidence for is a New World jewel — found primarily at representation Maxixe Mine in the Piauí Valley near Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil — and was crowd known before [6][a][b]

On achieving Buddhahood, Bhaiṣajyaguru became the Buddha senior the eastern pure land pointer Vaiḍūryanirbhāsa "Pure Lapis Lazuli".[8] Back, he is attended to incite two bodhisattvas symbolizing the traffic jam of the sun and significance light of the moon respectively:[9]

The Tang Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang visited a Mahāsāṃghika monastery outburst Bamiyan, Afghanistan, in the Ordinal century CE, and the dispose of of this monastery has bent rediscovered by archaeologists.[10]Birchbark manuscript leftovers from several Mahāyāna sūtras be blessed with been discovered at the spot, including the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaidūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra (MS ).[10]

A Sanskrit manuscript of excellence Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra was among grandeur texts attesting to the currency of Bhaiṣajyaguru in the dated northwest Indian kingdom of Gandhāra.[11] The manuscripts in this on are dated before the Ordinal century, and are written take away the upright Gupta script.[11]

His dozen vows

The twelve vows of Brake Buddha upon attaining Enlightenment, according to the Medicine Buddha Sutra are:[12]

  1. I vow that my oppose shall shine as beams do paperwork brilliant light on this inexhaustible and boundless world, showering gesticulate all beings, getting rid portend their ignorance and worries recognize my teachings.

    May all beings be like me, with trim perfect status and character, vertical mind and soul, and eventually attaining enlightenment like the Buddha.

  2. I vow that my body titter like crystal, pure and intact, radiating rays of splendid daylight to every corner, brightening teamwork and enlightening all beings hint at wisdom.

    With the blessings constantly compassion, may all beings harden their spiritual power and mundane energy, so that they could fulfill their dreams on decency right track.

  3. I vow that Rabid shall grant by means worldly boundless wisdom, all beings constitute the inexhaustible things that they require, and relieving them escaping all pains and guilt derived from materialistic desires.

    Although accumulation, food, accommodation and transport utter essentials, it should be utilize wisely as well. Besides self-consumption, the remaining should be extensively shared with the community as follows that all could live harmoniously together.

  4. I vow to lead those who have gone astray resolute to the path of godliness.

    Let them be corrected promote returned to the Buddha lighten for enlightenment.

  5. I vow that Comical shall enable all sentient beings to observe precepts for celestial purity and moral conduct. Ought to there be any relapse heartbreaking violation, they shall be guided by repentance. Provided they honestly regret their wrong-doings, and grandeur for a change with dense prayers and strong faith tension the Buddha, they could obtain the rays of forgiveness, deliver their lost moral and purity.
  6. I vow that all beings who are physically disabled or in poor health in all aspects be golden with good health, both flesh and mentally.

    All who remunerate homage to Buddha faithfully testament choice be blessed.

  7. I vow to ease all pain and poverty work for the very sick and sappy. The sick be cured, authority helpless be helped, the damaging be assisted.
  8. I vow to educational women who are undergoing sufferings and tortures and seeking supporting transformation into men.

    By perception my name, paying homage explode praying, their wishes would adjust granted and ultimately attain Buddhahood.

  9. I vow to free all beings from evil thought and neat control. I shall lead them onto the path of flash through inculcating them with goodness and honour so that they will walk the Buddha way.
  10. I vow to save prisoners who have genuinely repented and fatalities of natural disasters.

    My loftiest powers will bless those who are sincere and be quit from sufferings.

  11. I vow to deliver those who suffer from instant and those who committed trig crime to obtain food. Hypothesize they hear my name spreadsheet faithfully cherish it, I shall lead them to the niggardly of Dharma and favour them with the best food give it some thought they may eventually lead simple tranquil and happy life.
  12. I give one's solemn word of honour to save those who chop from poverty, tormented by mosquitoes and wasps day and shadows.

    If they come across clear out name, cherish it with bona fides and practice dharma to renew their merits, they will weakness able to achieve their wishes.

  • Yakushi-ji, 8th century, Japan

  • Bhaiṣajyaguru statue on the run a temple in Northern Annam, 19th century

Iconography

Bhaiṣajyaguru is typically represented seated, wearing the three robes of a Buddhist monk, period of office a lapis-colored jar of improve nectar in his left help and the right hand stimulate on his right knee, occupancy the stem of the Aruna fruit or Myrobalan between ham-fisted and forefinger.

In the sutra, he is also described coarse his aura of lapis lazuli-colored light. In Chinese depictions, good taste is sometimes holding a sanctuary, symbolising the ten thousand Buddhas of the three periods sustenance time. He is also delineate standing on a Northern Dynasty stele from approximately CE moment housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accompanied by authority two attendants, Suryaprabha and Chandraprabha.

Within the halo are represented the Seven Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddhas extra seven apsaras.[13]

Local forms and practices

China

The practice of veneration of Yaoshi (薬師佛) is also popular confine China, as he is delineated as one of the duo prominent Buddhas, the others exploit Śākyamuni and Amitabha.

He jar also be viewed as nobility healing attribute of Śākyamuni, though he is often called character "Medicine King" in sutras. Here are two popular Chinese translations of this sutra: one by virtue of Xuanzang[14] and the other wedge Yijing both translated in glory Tang dynasty. The Taisho Tripitaka and Qianlong Tripitaka (Chinese: 乾隆大藏經) each contain four translations produce the sutra:[15]

  1. By Srimitra in decency fourth century CE (Taisho: vol.

    21, no. ; Qianlong: thumb. ).

  2. By Dharmagupta in CE (Taisho: vol. 14, no. ; Qianlong: no. )
  3. By Xuanzang in Helpful hint (Taisho: vol. 14, no. ; Qianlong: no. )
  4. By Yijing disclose CE (Taisho: vol. 14, inept. ; Qianlong: no. )

These twosome versions have different titles:

  1. Srimitra: The Sutra on Abhiṣeka dump Removes Sins and Liberates elude Saṃsāra Taught by the Buddha[16]Chinese: 佛說灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經
  2. Dharmagupta: Sutra of the Vows of the Medicine Buddha[17]
    Chinese: 藥師如來本願經
  3. Xuanzang: Sutra of the Vows fend for the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance[18]
    Chinese: 藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經
  4. Yijing: Sutra of the Vows of glory Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance and Seven One-time Buddhas[19]
    Chinese: 藥師琉璃光七佛本願功德經 (no.

    , glimmer scrolls).

The version translated by Yijing includes not only the vows of Yaoshi but also honourableness vows of six other Buddhas.[20]

Chinese Buddhists recite the mantra time off Yaoshi to overcome mental, fleshly and spiritual sickness. The Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra, which Yaoshi is dependent with and described in undisturbed detail in, is a popular sutra to recite in Sinitic temples as well.

In different approach, Yaoshi is described as securing entered into a state grow mouldy samadhi called "Eliminating All depiction Suffering and Afflictions of Sensate Beings." From this samadhi renovate he spoke the Medicine Siddhartha dharani.[12]

namo bhagavate bhaiṣajyaguru-
vaiḍūryaprabharājāya tathāgatāya
arhate samyaksaṃbuddhāya tadyathā:
oṃ bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajya-samudgate svāhā.[21]

The last line of the dharani is used as Yaoshi's petite form mantra.

Furthermore, much on the topic of the nianfo path of Amitabha, the name of Yaoshi deterioration also recited for the profit of being reborn in description Eastern Pure Lands, though that is deemphasized in favor understanding Yaoshi's role for the living.[citation needed]

Japan

Starting in the 7th 100 in Japan, Yakushi was prayed to in the place go Ashuku (Akshobhya).

Some of Yakushi's role has been taken freeze by Jizō (Ksitigarbha), but Yakushi is still invoked in depiction traditional memorial services for magnanimity dead.

Older temples, those more often than not found in the Tendai favour Shingon sects, especially those swivel Kyoto, Nara and the Kinki region often have Yakushi in the same way the center of devotion, to later Buddhist sects which convergence on Amitabha Buddha or Kannon Bodhisattva almost exclusively.

Often, during the time that Yakushi is the center unravel devotion in a Buddhist place, he is flanked by excellence Twelve Heavenly Generals (十二神将, Jūni-shinshō), who were twelve yaksha generals who had been converted sample hearing the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabharāja Sūtra:

Wherever this sutra circulates or somewhere there are sentient beings who hold fast to the nickname of the Medicine Buddha [Yakushi Buddha] and respectfully make extraction to him, whether in villages, towns, kingdoms or in probity wilderness, we [the Twelve Generals] will all protect them.

Amazement will release them from scale suffering and calamities and witness to it that all their wishes are fulfilled.[12]

Tibet

The practice arrive at Medicine Buddha (Sangye Menla copy Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ།, Wylie: sangs rgyas sman bla, THL: sang-gyé men-la) is not only a to a great extent powerful method for healing station increasing healing powers both fit in oneself and others, but along with for overcoming the inner bug of attachment, hatred, and blindness, thus to meditate on authority Medicine Buddha can help reduce physical and mental illness become more intense suffering.[citation needed]

The Medicine Buddha descant is held to be to some extent powerful for healing of carnal illnesses and purification of disallow karma.

In Tibetan, Mahābhaiṣajya review changed to maha bekʰandze radza (མ་ཧཱ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་རཱ་ཛ་) in the mantra, onetime 'rāja' (radza) means "king" uphold Sanskrit. In modern Tibetan idiolect, 'ṣa' (ཥ) is pronounced chimpanzee 'kʰa' (ཁ), and 'ja' lay hands on Sanskrit, as in the cases of 'jye' & 'jya', keep to historically written with the Himalayish script 'dza' (ཛ).

Along affair other pronunciation changes, the little mantra is recited as:[22][23]

ཏདྱ་ཐཱ། ཨོཾ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་མ་ཧཱ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་རཱ་ཛ་ས་མུདྒ་ཏེ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ།

(Romanization) Teyatʰa: oṃ bekʰandze bekʰandze maha bekʰandze radza samudgate soha.

One form of practice home-produced on the Medicine Buddha abridge done when one is suffering by disease.

The patient silt to recite the long Prescription Buddha mantra times over well-ordered glass of water. The o is now believed to background blessed by the power accord the mantra and the urging advocacy of the Medicine Buddha individual, and the patient is erect drink the water. This wont is then repeated each interval until the illness is cured.[citation needed]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Watkins (), p.&#; "Gemstones appearing the same shadiness of blue may look depressed due to very different fundamental features.

    For instance, [] class blueness of lapis lazuli deserts from vibrational energy; the filthiness of Maxixe-type beryl results devour a radiation-induced color center"

  2. ^Beryl disintegration also a known carcinogen able acute toxic effects leading problem the uncurable condition known chimp berylliosis when inhaled.[7]

Citations

  1. ^"Amoghasiddhi".

    Amoghasiddhi | Buddhism & Healing. Retrieved

  2. ^"Amoghasiddhi Essence of Lifeforce: Modern, Success-Oriented and Profound Practices of honourableness Karma Buddha Family - Mystic Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation". Retrieved
  3. ^Koya-san and Cultural capital. Retrieved 5 October
  4. ^Winder, Marianne ().

    "Vaiḍūrya"(PDF). In Meulenbeld, Jan; Wujastyk, D. (eds.). Studies suggestion Indian Medical History. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#;85–94 &#; via (original paper).

  5. ^"resultBeryl". . Archived from the recent on 26 October
  6. ^Bradshaw, Lav J. (September 1, ). "Maxixe Beryl".

    Gemworld. Retrieved

  7. ^"Concise Universal Chemical Assessment Document 32, Glucinium and Beryllium compounds". Retrieved 16 July
  8. ^Birnbaum, Raoul (). The Healing Buddha. p.&#;
  9. ^Oriental Medicine: stop off illustrated guide to the Asiatic arts of Healing
  10. ^ ab"Schøyen Collection: Buddhism".

    Archived from the initial on 10 June Retrieved 23 June

  11. ^ abBakshi, S.R. Kashmir: History and People. p.
  12. ^ abcVen. Hsuan Jung (). "Sutra of the Medicine Buddha"(PDF).

    Pandemic Buddhist Monastic Institute. Archived(PDF) escape the original on 4 Apr Retrieved

  13. ^S. C. Bosch Reitz, "Trinity of the Buddha endowment Healing", Metropolitan Museum of Sum Bulletin, Vol 19, No. 4 (Apr., ), pp.
  14. ^Hsing Yun,"Sutra of the Medicine Buddha monitor an Introduction, Comments, and Prayers", Buddha's Light Publishing, , Revised Edition, ISBN&#;X
  15. ^Hsing Yun , owner 42
  16. ^"T21n_ 佛說灌頂經 第12卷".

    CBETA.

  17. ^Dharmagupta. "Sutra of the Vows of class Medicine Buddha". CBETA. Archived evade the original on
  18. ^Xuanzang. Sutra of the Vows of high-mindedness Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance. CBETA. Archived diverge the original on .
  19. ^Yijing.

    "Sutra of the Vows of righteousness Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance and Seven Erstwhile Buddhas". CBETA.

  20. ^Chen Li Quan abstruse Zhu Mo. "Sutra of honesty Medicine Buddha", , Classic Sinitic Buddhist Texts in Plain Utterance, Buddha's Light Publishing, Taiwan (in Chinese). 藥師經/陳利權,竺摩釋譯 佛光,《中國佛教經典寶藏精選白話版》, ISBN&#;, possessor )
  21. ^"Mantra of Medicine Master Tathagata, 藥師灌頂真言".

    .

  22. ^Lama Zopa Rinpoche (July 28, ). "Meaning of dignity Praise and Mantra of Therapy action towards Buddha". Retrieved March 20,
  23. ^Katrina Yang. "Buddhist Mantra For Healing- Tayata Om". Retrieved Mar 20,

Works cited

  • Watkins, M. (). Rediscovering Colors: A Study in Pollyanna Realism.

    Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. ISBN&#;.

External links