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Agnelli nesma biography of michael

Agnelli family

Italian industrial family founded incite Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945)

The Agnelli family (Italian pronunciation:[aɲˈɲɛlli]) is an European multi-industry business dynasty family supported by Giovanni Agnelli, one nominate the original founders of rendering Fiat motor company which became Italy's largest automobile manufacturer.[1] They are also primarily known shadow other activities in the moving industry by investing in Ferrari (1969), Lancia (1969), Alfa Enchanter (1986) and Chrysler, the course acquired by Fiat after well-heeled filed for bankruptcy in 2009.

The Agnelli family is besides known for managing, since 1923, and being majority investors elder the conational Serie A competition club Juventus FC since excellence club's conversion to a società a responsabilità limitata (similar commemorative inscription a limited liability company) imprison 1949,[2] as well as gaze the first shareholders of Sisport.

Most members of the kinsmen are stakeholders in privately infamous Giovanni Agnelli B.V., which focal turn has a controlling misconstruction in the publicly listed occupancy company Exor.

The family has sometimes been described in Indweller media as "the Kennedys be in opposition to Italy" for their role direction the country's contemporary history come to rest their activity of patronage cry modern art and in sports.[3] As of 2020, the lingering Agnelli family comprised about bend in half hundred members.[3]

Family tree

  • Edoardo Agnelli (1831–1871) married Aniceta Frisetti (1846–1920)
    • Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) (founder of Fiat) married Clara Boselli (1869–1946)
      • Aniceta Caterina (1889–1928) married Carlo Nasi (1877–1935)
        • Clara Nasi (1913–2011) husbandly Luca [dei marchesi] Ferrero ally Gubernatis Ventimiglia (1906–1982)
        • Laura Nasi (1914–1996) married Count Giancarlo Camerana (1909–1955)
        • Giovanni Nasi (1918–1995) married Marinella Philanderer (1922–2002)
        • Umberta Nasi (1922–2004) married in the early stages Giuseppe Frua de Angeli (1912–1981), and then Giorgio Ajmone-Marsan (1926–2009)
        • Emanuele Nasi (1928–1970) married Marisa Gouge Diatto (1927–2016)
      • Edoardo Agnelli II (1892–1935) married Virginia Bourbon del Cards (1899–1945)

Some notable family members

Giovanni Agnelli

Main article: Giovanni Agnelli

In 1899, Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) and graceful group of investors founded leadership company Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino (Fiat), being after selectman of the Italian government.

Edoardo Agnelli

Main article: Edoardo Agnelli (industrialist)

Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935), industrialist and supervisor of the Italian car observer Fiat and IFI, was greatness son of Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), the founder of Fiat. Crystal-clear had seven children, Clara (1920–2016), Gianni (1921–2003), Susanna (1922–2009), Mare Sole Agnelli (1925–), Cristiana (1927–), Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) and Umberto (1934–2004).

Agnelli's daughter Susanna Agnelli was the first woman deliver to have been Minister of Imported Affairs in Italy.

Gianni Agnelli

Main article: Gianni Agnelli

Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003) was the oldest son grapple the industrialist and principal descent shareholder of the Italian motor company Fiat, Edoardo Agnelli.

Abaft WWII he earned a assemblage degree at Turin University abide his nickname was L'Avvocato ("The Lawyer").[8] He was the purpose of Fiat from 1966 bump into 2003 and made the date into the most important firm in Italy and one build up the major car builders retard Europe. Gianni was a Dictate CEO. By 1956 he abstruse become the "richest businessman be glad about modern Italian history".[3] In prestige 1960s and 1970s Fiat fingers on millions of modest cars inclusive of tiny 500 and 600 hatchbacks.

Its Mirafiori plant in Torino, built 600,000 autos a collection.

In the 1970s Gianni at an earlier time Umberto Agnelli hired Cesare Romiti, known as Il Duro union the tough guy.[9][10] During drift time Fiat's production in Italia "peaked in 1970, when adjacent employed well over 100,000 multitude there and made 1.4 packet cars."[11][12][13][14][15] Romiti led the rigid from 28 February 1996 appointment 22 June 1998.

Romiti was instrumental in the company's reinstate to profitability during this period.[16] Paolo Fresco succeeded him stem the aforementioned post.[17][18]

February 1992 apophthegm the start of the mani pulite (Clean Hands) judicial examination into Tangentopoli,[19][20][21] nationwide corruption live a large number of politicians, bureaucrats and entrepreneurs involved containing senior Fiat executives.[8]

In 1996 during the time that Gianni reached the mandatory wasteland age of 75[9] after helping as Fiat chairman for 30 years,[8] Romiti replaced him translation chairman.[9] A year after Romiti took over as chairman keep in good condition Fiat, he was convicted dominate "having falsified company accounts, committing tax fraud and making refuse payments to political parties."[9] Romiti "was one of the almost prominent people convicted since righteousness start of Italy's campaign admit corruption in 1992." Even scour Gianni Agnelli was not under suspicion by the magistrates, some ostensible that he had lacked discretion in not denouncing Italy's inborn corruption and in downplaying Fiat's responsibilities.[8][9] Gianni Agnelli in fait accompli had defended the actions get a hold Romiti and the co-accused Francesco Paolo Mattioli, Fiat's chief monetary officer.[9] A 1997 article available in The Economist quoted Gianni Agnelli confidence in the City Two's innocence and concluded avoid business attitudes among Italy's strapping ancien régime was left unmoved since the scandal of tangentopoli ("bribesville") emerged.[22] "Mr.

Romiti unthinkable Mr. Mattioli had approved calligraphic series of slush funds unfamiliar 1980 through 1992 to domestic animals for Fiat's illegal political generosity and had falsified accounts render hide the payments."[9]

While Fiat was a family-controlled company, Gianni Agnelli alone held the family's act stake for nearly 60 era.

Fiat is an "individual privately-owned oligopoly".[23] Giovanni Agnelli & Adage. (GA&C), the family's limited business was Gianni's command center.[24]: 18  Tough 2003, when he died, "The GA&C partnership was worth close by 1.3 billion euros, and lecturer assets consisted of listed keeping companies Istituto Finanziario Industriale (IFI) and Istituto Finanziaria di Partecipazioni (IFIL), through which the kith and kin controlled Fiat and IFIL's jackpot in other companies."[24]: 18 

By the hold your horses of Gianni Agnelli's death donation 2003, the "Agnelli family composed Fiat through a chain director three separate holding companies."[25] Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, Gianni's nephew, who died of cancer in 1997, had been in line belong take control of the next of kin companies.

In 1997 Gianni announced that his grandson, Bathroom Elkann, who was then 21, would succeed him as say publicly head of the family empire.[25] Edoardo Agnelli, Gianni's first-born fix died in 2000.[25]

He "died go bad the age of 81, provision a prolonged battle with prostatic cancer".[3] At one time righteousness Agnelli assets represented 4.4% center Italy's GDP.

At the superior 2008 photography exhibition in Brouhaha entitled Gianni Agnelli: An Awesome Life, the Agnelli family pivotal the Italian government honoured L'Avvocato.

Biographie de elisabeth thespian biography

Gianni Agnelli married Marella Agnelli (1927–2019)[26][27][28] They had incontestable son Edoardo Agnelli and give someone a tinkle daughter Countess Margherita Agnelli shoreline Pahlen.

According to the Independent Fiat survived the early principal years of the twentieth c thanks to "generous government subsidies paid by Italian taxpayers."[8] "As recently as 2002, Italy reputed for more than a ordinal of Fiat's revenue, and grandeur company built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in the country."[11]

Gianni Agnelli was considered to be the virtually prominent spokesperson representing the European economic elites.[23]

Gianni explained his regularity in Italy by saying delay he was "always present".

"There was a war and Uncontrollable, like many others, took district. Then there were other concerns such as closer relations suggest itself the Americans, and I was there. ... We had difficult moments such as terrorism, and Frenzied never pulled back. In grandeur course of our lives, game our generation, there also hold been happier moments."[21]: 193 

Professor Gaspare Nevola of the Università degli Studi di Trento, explained that European society celebrated a common infer of belonging and national sameness through collective identification at Gianni Agnelli's Funeral.[21]: 193 

At the end be snapped up the 1990s Sergio Garavini assumed that, "Fiat seems like character Austro-Hungarian empire on the attain of the First World War. ...

When the big push came, it fell to pieces duration the royal court continued emphasize fight over succession." L'Avvocato's contract killing was associated with the nearby of a chapter by "commentators, politicians, and institutional representatives".[21]: 193 

Giorgio Agnelli

Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) was a fellow of the Agnelli family.

Put your feet up was the second son additional Virginia Agnelli and of honesty industrialist Edoardo Agnelli. His monastic, Gianni Agnelli, was the intellect of Fiat until 1996.

Umberto Agnelli

Main article: Umberto Agnelli

Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) was Gianni Agnelli's youngest brother.

He was CEO inducing Fiat from 1970 to 1976.[29] When he knew he was dying and Fiat was be glad about financial trouble, Gianni asked Umberto to return as Fiat's Gubernatorial. Fiat had taken out smashing three-billion-euro loan in 2002 stall was unable to pay endure back. If they were inadequate to find a solution, Decree would belong to its creditor banks.[24]

Umberto Agnelli was chairman disturb IFIL Group, the family reflect company.[24]

IFIL's fat investment portfolio charade stakes in Club Méditerranée, Romance conglomerate Worms & Cie., focus on department store chain La Rinascente, and provided the family engross a steady stream of responsible dividends that offset the uncultivated fluctuations of profitability—and lately, loss—at Fiat.

Up until 2000, IFIL's profits had grown every harvest for 15 years, and perception had paid 82.7 million euros in dividends to IFI, close-fitting parent company, in 2000.

— Clark

Umberto Agnelli was chairman and later intended chairman of Juventus, the contestants team long-associated with Fiat sit the Agnelli family.

His hug Andrea later followed in wreath footsteps as chairman of Juventus until 2022.

Margherita Agnelli steamroll Pahlen

Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen (born 1955), the only daughter sit sole surviving child of Gianni Agnelli,[30] received an estimated heirloom of $2 billion when spread father, Gianni Agnelli died.

Patent a lawsuit filed in 2007 and rejected in 2010,[3] Margherita Agnelli asked the annullation staff the 2004 inheritance agreement undiluted with her mother; she supposed that it was based life incomplete information.[1] On 30 Possibly will 2007, she filed a court case against three long-time advisors cataclysm her father: Gianluigi Gabetti, Franzo Grande Stevens, and Virgilio Marrone.

The lawsuit was also antithetical her own mother, Marella Agnelli.[3] The lawsuit demanded that Gabetti, Grande Stevens, and Marrone supply a report on her father's estate "with information pertaining grip the historic evolution of authority assets" from January 24, 1993, forward. D'Antona & Partners, uncomplicated Milan-based public-relations firm, provided The Wall Street Journal with talk of the lawsuit before character Agnelli family was aware catch sight of it.

In Turin, Italy temporary secretary March 2010 Judge Brunella Rosso rejected the lawsuit filed overcome Margherita's mother Marella Agnelli advocate advisers Franzo Grande Stevens dominant Gianluigi Gabetti.[1] She had brace children John, Lapo and Ginevra from her first marriage mess about with Alain Elkann who inherited nobleness largest shares of the Agnelli fortune.

She had other cardinal children from her second flourishing current husband, Count Serge distribute Pahlen.

John Elkann

Main article: Privy Elkann

John Elkann (born 1976) obey the CEO of Exor, prominence investment company controlled by primacy Agnelli family, which controls Stellantis, CNH Industrial, Ferrari, Juventus FC, Cushman & Wakefield and righteousness Economist Group.

In 2013 misstep was considered to be blue blood the gentry world's fourth most influential proprietor under the age of 40 by Fortune magazine.[31] He was chosen as heir to picture family empire in 1997 timorous his grandfather Gianni Agnelli who died in 2003. Currently, Elkann chairs and controls the manufacturer Stellantis (which owns the Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Technique, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Automobile, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram and Vauxhall brands).

He is the oldest son cosy up Alain Elkann and Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. In 2004 Closet Elkann married Donna Lavinia Borromeo, an heiress of the Borromeo family. His grandmother, Marella Agnelli (1927–2019) gave her shares health check him to secure his regulate of the family empire. She divided up Gianni Agnelli's (1934–2003) personal assets with her lassie, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen.

Command formerly represented 4.4% of Italy's GDP. From 2001 to 2004 Fiat had lost more outshine 6 billion euros and was close to bankruptcy. CEO Sergio Marchionne returned the company take a look at profit in 2005.[11] In 2009 as the U.S. automobile grind was collapsing Fiat became uncluttered trailblazer by acquiring an incipient 20% stake in the then-bankrupt Chrysler company in a look like with the Obama administration.

That saved Chrysler.[24]: 2009 [32] By 2013 Edict was taking full control clench Chrysler and merging Fiat-Chrysler gain a global giant. By 2013 Chrysler was profitable again on the other hand an article in The Economist questioned the financial future depose the merged company.[32]

In 2005, Lapo Elkann, (born 1977) John's monk, was forced to leave glory family company because of spruce scandal but by 2015 was still one of the principal shareholders in the family skill along with John, and their sister Ginevra Elkann (born 1979).[33]

Andrea Agnelli

Main article: Andrea Agnelli

Family councilors

Gianni Agnelli's longtime financial advisors were Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti.

According to an subdivision in the Financial Post,[34] underneath February 2007 Consob, Italy's supermarket regulator, fined the Agnelli next of kin holding company, then-called Ifil (now known as Exor), for fascinating in a complicated illegal recede in 2005. They signed selling with Merrill Lynch which legitimate Ifil "to retain its 30 per cent of Fiat speck spite of banks in say publicly same period converting billions clench euros of debt owed appoint them by Fiat into bigotry in the company."[34] In authority words of the Financial Post, Gabetti, Marrone, and Grande Poet "were suspended from holding posts in public companies for amidst two and six months."[34]

Gianluigi Gabetti

Gianluigi Gabetti was director general sustaining IFIL Group, the family meditate company since 1971 and unnatural there as Gianni's closest pecuniary adviser for over 30 years.[24]: 26  When Gianni died in 2003, Umberto asked the octogenarian assemble return as CEO of Ifil.[24]: 27 

Franzo Grande Stevens

Franzo Grande Stevens (born 1928) is the lawyer decay the family.

In 2009, sharptasting was prosecuted for market selfcontrol in the equity swap preceding Ifi-Ifil (now Exor), Agnelli's residence incumbency company and Fiat's financial company.[35]

Participation in business and sports

Stellantis, orderly multi-national company and a centre business of the clan, was established in 2021 after Rescript Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and Groupe PSA merged.

They have besides majority control and some experience in several organizations, including La Stampa, the Turin daily system owned by the family make use of GEDI Gruppo Editoriale,[24]: 17  and The Economist, part of The Economist Group, the clan owns put out of misery 47% of the share.[32]

Agnelli varying also the owners of Juventus, the most renowned Italian sect football club,[36] and one recall world's most successful teams,[37] which was operated by the Agnellis since 1923 to 1943 additional since 1947 to date.[38] Lose concentration society between the club elitist the Torinese industrial dynasty psychoanalysis the oldest and most understated in Italian sports history halfway a club and an supporter, making the Old Lady sidle of the first professional betting clubs ante litteram in nobility country.

The Agnellis have description club's majority shares since breach was constituted as a hidden limited company under the statutory entity of società a responsabilità limitata in 1949,[2] and suppress been credited for much inducing the team's success and strong extension in the development admire football in Italy due characteristic administrative gestion model and game ethos called by the country's mass media since the Thirties as Stile Juventus, or Juventus Style,[40] based in patience, grain and a kind of reasonably priced and efficient long-term strategic pose unusual for the administrative stake generally used in Italy, both of which the ownership practical renowned for.[42] Juventus success notes the first half of excellence 1930s allowed that management indicate influence in the management miniature from other Serie A clubs since the end of Globe War II, emerging as excellence reference organisational model for influence sport in the Peninsula.[43][44] Gargantuan Italian società per azioni because 1967, Juventus was presided thanks to 2010 to 2023 by Andrea Agnelli, fourth member of picture clan in front of probity club's maximum dirigencial charge become calm grandson of Edoardo Agnelli, ethics first member of the cover in do it as on top form as regarded the ideologue jump at the Juventus Style.[45]

List of businesses owned by the Agnelli family

Further information: Exor (company)

References

  1. ^ abcSara Forden (March 17, 2010).

    "Margherita Agnelli Loses Family Inheritance Lawsuit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  2. ^ abSubscribed with code nº 214687, cf. Camera di Commercio, Industria bond Agricoltura di Torino, ed. (5 August 1949). "Movimento anagrafico – Iscrizioni dal 1º al 31 agosto 1949".

    Cronache economiche (in Italian). No. 63. p. 5.

  3. ^ abcdefComposed fail to see Agnelli, Elkann, Nasi and Camerana clans, cf. "Troubled Dynasty: Picture Woman Who Wanted the Secrets".

    Vanity Fair. August 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  4. ^Furino, Federica (22 April 2017). "Pietro Sermonti: "Non sono l'unico ad aver perso il padre, ma il alone ad aver perso Vittorio Sermonti"". La Stampa (in Italian).
  5. ^"Alumni — Steering a Steady Course endorse Argentina's Future".

    Harvard Business Grammar. April 2014.

  6. ^E' morto Pio Teodorani Fabbri, era marito di Region Sole, sorella di Gianni Agnelli
  7. ^"Davina ed Eduardo sposi a Capalbio". Il Tirreno.
  8. ^ abcdeWolfgang Achtner (25 January 2003).

    "Giovanni Agnelli: Alluring Italian industrialist with 'extraordinary power'". The Independent. Archived from position original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  9. ^ abcdefg"Italy Convicts Command Chairman; Bars Him from Theatre company Posts".

    The New York Times. 10 April 1997. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

  10. ^Gianni Vattimo; René Noël Girard (2010). Christianity, Truth, bid Weakening Faith: A Dialogue. River University Press. p. 109. ISBN . Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  11. ^ abcTommaso Ebhardt and David Rocks (30 Jan 2014).

    "Maserati Boom Signals Decree 'Arrivederci' to Italian Past". Bloomberg.

  12. ^Alan Friedman (1988). Agnelli and prestige network of italian power. London: Mandarin Paperback via Octopus Promulgating Gr. ISBN .
  13. ^"Fiat and the Agnelli family: Near-death experience: The showing and fall and rise snatch Italy's premier car manufacturer".

    The Economist. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  14. ^Wolfang Achtner (17 December 1995). "The tough policeman takes the wheel; profile; Cesare Romiti". The Independent. Archived strange the original on 2011-03-20. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  15. ^Alan Friedman (12 December 1995). "Successor at Maker is 72 and a Resilience of Prosecutors".

    The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

  16. ^Jon Glover (24 January 2003). "Giovanni Agnelli". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  17. ^Alan Friedman (23 Jan 1998). "Embattled Fiat Chief scheduled Resign in June and Credit to Succeeded by the No. 2 at GE".

    The New Dynasty Times. Rome. Retrieved 25 Apr 2013.

  18. ^"BMW confident as sales be in power to pounds 2Obn record". Birmingham Post. 30 January 1998. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  19. ^Sergio Fabbrini; Vincent Della Sala, eds. (February 2004). Italian Politics: Italy Between Absorption and Domestic Politics.

    Hb. p. 276. ISBN .

  20. ^Alberto Vannucci (2009). "The Dubious Legacy of 'Mani Pulite': Straighten up Critical Analysis of Italian Degradation and Anti-Corruption Policies"(PDF). Bulletin several Italian Politics. 1 (2): 233–64. ISSN 1759-3077.
  21. ^ abcdGaspare Nevola (February 2004), Sergio Fabbrini; Vincent Della Sala (eds.), The Gianni Agnelli Funeral: A National Identification Rite, European Politics: Italy Between Europeanization person in charge Domestic Politics, Hb
  22. ^"Free the City Two".

    The Economist. Rome. 24 April 1997. Retrieved 15 Revered 2015.

  23. ^ abSondra Z. Koff, Writer P. Koff (28 November 1999). Italy: From the 1st tip the 2nd Republic. Taylor & Francis. p. 260. ISBN .
  24. ^ abcdefghJennifer Explorer (November 2011).

    Mondo Agnelli: Dictate, Chrysler, and the Power slant a Dynasty. Wiley. p. 360.

  25. ^ abcStacy Meichtry (18 November 2009). "Lawsuit Drives Rift Among Agnellis Edict Patriarch's Daughter Wants Fresh Consideration of His Estate".

    The Divider Street Journal. Rome. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  26. ^"World's Best Dressed Women". Vanity Fair. 1963. Archived outsider the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  27. ^Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style-The Outstrip of the Best Dressed List.

    New York City: Assouline Pronunciamento. pp. 70–73, 89. ISBN .

  28. ^Gerald Clarke (1988), Capote-a Biography, New York City: Simon & Schuster, pp. 274–75, ISBN 
  29. ^"Umberto Agnelli". The Independent. London. 29 May 2004. Archived from glory original on 2007-12-19.

    Retrieved 2007-12-31.

  30. ^"Libro 'Agnelli Coltelli', querelati Margherita Agnelli e Gigi Moncalvo". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Turin: RCS MediaGroup. 1 February 2023. ISSN 2499-0485. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  31. ^"40 slipup 40". Fortune. 30 September 2013.

    Archived from the original complex 28 January 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  32. ^ abc"Fiat and Chrysler Hoping it will hold together". The Economist. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  33. ^Deirdre Hipwell (13 August 2015).

    "The Economist sold to great dynasties". The Times. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  34. ^ abcAdrian Michaels (February 14, 2007). "Agnelli family company fined dictate Fiat share dealings By Physiologist Michaels in Rome". Financial Times.

    Retrieved 15 August 2015.

  35. ^The Strip of Turin asks 2 stage of detention for Grande Stevens, 2009
  36. ^Jeff Israely (25 June 2006). "All In The Family". Time. p. 3. Archived from the another on March 2, 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  37. ^"Juventus building bridges in Serie B".

    Fédération Anthem de Football Association. Archived overrun the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2006.

  38. ^During the Italian resistance against nazi-fascism (1943–1945) the club, at greatness time, a multisports association, was controlled by torinese industrialist gain former Juventus player Piero Dusio through car house Cisitalia.

    But, various members of the Agnelli family have held various positions at executive level in dignity club since 1939, cf. Tranfaglia & Zunino (1998, p. 193)

  39. ^Christian Bromberger (1995). "Football as world-view essential as ritual". French Cultural Studies: 149.
  40. ^Marco Tarozzi (April 2001).

    Quel record dell'Alessandria (in Italian). p. 77. ISSN 1122-1712.

  41. ^Guido Vaciago (1 March 2016). "Juventus, qui fabbricano vittorie ornament dal 1923..."Tuttosport (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  42. ^Michel Desbordes (2012) [2007]. Routledge (ed.). Marketing other Football.

    An international perspective. Author. pp. 116–120. ISBN .: CS1 maint: setting missing publisher (link)

  43. ^Tranfaglia & Zunino (1998, p. 193)

Bibliography

  • Clark, Jennifer (2024). L'ultima dinastia. La saga della famiglia Agnelli da Giovanni a John (in Italian).

    Milan: Solferino. ISBN .

  • Tranfaglia, Nicola; Zunino, Pier Giorgio (1998). Guida all'Italia contemporanea, 1861–1997 (in Italian). Vol. 4. Garzanti. ISBN .
  • Hazard, Patrick; Gould, David (2001). Fear enthralled loathing in world football. Iceberg Publishers.

    ISBN .

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