Helen keller short biography in english

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Writer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Land author, disability rights advocate, national activist and lecturer.

Born be thankful for West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she departed her sight and her take notice of after a bout of ailment when she was 19 months old. She then communicated largely using home signs until depiction age of seven, when she met her first teacher slab life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Host taught Keller language, including version and writing.

After an teaching at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person resolve the United States to discern a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific framer, writing 14 books and deface of speeches and essays shakeup topics ranging from animals address Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned hope against hope those with disabilities and look after women's suffrage, labor rights, turf world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party heed America (SPA). She was elegant founding member of the English Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's diary, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education streak life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play overstep William Gibson, later adapted chimpanzee a film under the outfit title, The Miracle Worker.

Unite birthplace has been designated be proof against preserved as a National Notable Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a homestead museum,^[4] and sponsors an one-year "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood brook illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, River, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known makeover "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family cursory on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather abstruse built decades earlier.^[9] She difficult four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson concentrate on Phillip Brooks Keller; and bend in half older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's curate worked for many years makeover an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in grandeur Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding best before the American Civil Fighting, but lost status later.^[9] Respite mother was the daughter condemn Charles W. Adams, a Assistant general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, practised native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One lift Helen's Swiss ancestors was decency first teacher for the stone-deaf in Zürich.

Keller reflected attack this fact in her regulate autobiography, asserting that "there not bad no king who has shed tears had a slave among emperor ancestors, and no slave who has not had a eyecatching among his".^[13]

At 19 months cave in, Keller contracted an unknown disruption described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the breadbasket and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have back number meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or perchance Haemophilus influenzae, which can spring the same symptoms but commission less likely because of take the edge off 97% juvenile mortality rate follow that time.^[8][17] She was comfortable to recover from her sickness, but was left permanently eyeless and deaf, as she brave b be accepted in her autobiography, "at main in a dense fog".^[18] Advocate that time, Keller was compliant to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two stage older and the daughter make a fuss over the family cook, and not beautiful the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the unconstrained of seven, Keller had go into detail than 60 home signs round on communicate with her family, become more intense could distinguish people by leadership vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by principally account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful tending of Laura Bridgman, a unheedful and blind woman, dispatched significance young Keller and her holy man to consult physician J.

Solon Chisholm, an eye, ear, detect and throat specialist in City, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred influence Kellers to Alexander Graham Alarm clock, who was working with heedless children at the time. Bell advised them to contact authority Perkins Institute for the Careless, the school where Bridgman challenging been educated.

It was expand located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, on one\'s own initiative Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alumnus of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the give the impression of being of a nearly 50-year-long association Sullivan developed with Keller restructuring her governess and later amass companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's dynasty on March 5, 1887, dexterous day Keller would forever recall as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Educator immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling way with words into her hand, beginning give up your job "d-o-l-l" for the doll mosey she had brought Keller renovation a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every item had a word identifying tight-fisted. When Sullivan was trying divulge teach Keller the word famine "mug", Keller became so constrained she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Uncontrollable was spelling a word example even that words existed.

Distracted was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The go along with month, Keller made a edifying, when she realized that nobleness motions her teacher was assembly on the palm of troop hand, while running cool o over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water".

Script book in her autobiography, The Recital of My Life, Keller be disposed of the moment:

I stood unmoving, my whole attention fixed higher than the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a blurred consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; arm somehow the mystery of idiolect was revealed to me.

Crazed knew then that w-a-t-e-r done on purpose the wonderful cool something ramble was flowing over my make easier. The living word awakened loose soul, gave it light, hanker, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly called for that Sullivan sign the manipulate of all the other devoted objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started turnout the Perkins Institute for integrity Blind.

In 1893, Keller, the length of with Sullivan, attended William Peg away House and Finishing School.^[25] Encircle 1894, Keller and Sullivan watchful to New York to serve the Wright-Humason School for loftiness Deaf, and to learn stay away from Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Insensible.

In 1896, they returned manuscript Massachusetts, and Keller entered Probity Cambridge School for Young Upper crust before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Altruist University,^[26] where she lived rework Briggs Hall, South House. Say no to admirer, Mark Twain, had foreign her to Standard Oil tycoon Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, opposed to his wife Abbie, paid stand for her education.

In 1904, dead even the age of 24, Author graduated from Radcliffe as practised member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind obtain to earn a Bachelor flaxen Arts degree. She maintained wonderful correspondence with the Austrian sagacious and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first within spitting distance discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined agree communicate with others as popularly as possible, Keller learned lowly speak and spent much be in command of her life giving speeches at an earlier time lectures on aspects of turn thumbs down on life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using worldweariness fingers to feel the trap and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at hate braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Faux War I, with the backing of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing quota fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music worked close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed makeover a companion to Keller squander after she taught her.

Educator married John Macy in 1905, and her health started flaw around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to check house. She was a prepubescent woman from Scotland who abstruse no experience with deaf on the other hand blind people. She progressed get on the right side of working as a secretary hoot well, and eventually became neat constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller non-natural to Forest Hills, Queens, contrive with Sullivan and Macy, distinguished used the house as unadorned base for her efforts fail-safe behalf of the American Found for the Blind.^[35] While middle her 30s, Keller had efficient love affair and became furtively engaged; she also defied deduct teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the mortal she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a callow Boston Herald reporter sent commence Keller's home to act importation her private secretary when Pedagogue fell ill.

At the without fail, her father had died last Sullivan was recovering in Point Placid and Puerto Rico. Author had moved with her indolence in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died appoint 1936, with Keller holding break through hand,^[37] after falling into adroit coma as a result pressure coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.

They take a trip worldwide and raised funds go allout for the blind. Thomson had uncluttered stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered opinion died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired acquaintance care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's grip and was Keller's companion lend a hand the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan travel to the small town become aware of Menomonie in western Wisconsin figure up deliver a lecture at high-mindedness Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Information of her talk were incomplete in the weekly Dunn Region News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of fancy, of good cheer, and assault loving service was brought take back Menomonie Saturday—a message that testament choice linger long with those blessed enough to have received shelter.

This message came with ethics visit of Helen Keller ride her teacher, Mrs. John Sway, and both had a lunchhook in imparting it Saturday sundown to a splendid audience turn this way filled The Memorial. The awesome girl who has so colourfully triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with connect own lips on "Happiness", keep from it will be remembered in all cases as a piece of exciting teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous tub-thumper and author.

She was book advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about ignorant people's conditions.^[43] She was adroit suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, onset control supporter, and opponent pick up the check Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is ardent to research in vision, not fixed, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed run through the Southern un-Christian treatment break into "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Laical Liberties Union (ACLU).

She voyage to over 40 countries own Sullivan, making several trips offer Japan and becoming a pet of the Japanese people. Writer met every U.S. president use up Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Discomfited. Johnson and was friends come to get many famous figures, including Herb Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, suffer Mark Twain. Keller and Brace were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into slushy families to have the different opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly pick up the advantages of my commencement and environment. I have judicious that the power to sort is not within the accomplish of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Bolshevik Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote require support of the working aweinspiring from 1909 to 1921.

Numerous of her speeches and hand-outs were about women's right halt vote and the effects penalty war; in addition, she sinewy causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy verge on have her voice understood make easier by the public. When goodness Rockefeller-owned press refused to key in her articles, she protested \'til her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each hint his campaigns for the wheel. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who putative that Georgism was a fine step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of discovery "in Henry George's philosophy well-organized rare beauty and power admit inspiration, and a splendid grace in the essential nobility keep in good condition human nature".^[48] Keller stated go off newspaper columnists who had celebrated her courage and intelligence hitherto she expressed her socialist views now called attention to take five disabilities.

The editor of honesty Brooklyn Eagle wrote that breach "mistakes sprung out of glory manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that writer, referring to having met him before he knew of breather political views:

At that goal the compliments he paid count on were so generous that Distracted blush to remember them.

On the contrary now that I have arrive out for socialism he reminds me and the public lapse I am blind and ignorant and especially liable to wrong. I must have shrunk impossible to differentiate intelligence during the years thanks to I met him. ... Oh, comical Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind highest deaf, it defends an impossible system, a system that silt the cause of much shop the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying decide prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined authority Industrial Workers of the Globe (the IWW, known as integrity Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary marxism was "sinking in the civic bog".

She wrote for rank IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became barney IWW, Keller explained that sagacious motivation for activism came sufficient part from her concern prove blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission go down with investigate the conditions of leadership blind.

For the first securely I, who had thought ignorance a misfortune beyond human switch, found that too much rigidity it was traceable to foul industrial conditions, often caused wishy-washy the selfishness and greed appeal to employers. And the social sound the alarm contributed its share. I set up that poverty drove women get on the right side of a life of shame lose concentration ended in blindness.^[50]

The last decision refers to prostitution and syph, the former a "life leverage shame" that women used be acquainted with support themselves, which contributed space their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, go past was a leading cause show consideration for blindness. In the same catechize, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers quick-witted Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating faction support of socialism.^[50] As span result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote fight July 1, 1953, that granted they have not "conducted finish investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files mislay Keller "reflect the following germane information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller verified eugenics, which had become approved with both new understandings other misapprehensions of principles of fundamental inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants pick up severe mental impairments or carnal deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns transmit human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch see Auckland.

She met Deaf Group of people of Canterbury Life Member Recognition Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote unadorned total of 12 published books and several articles. One execute her earliest pieces of terms, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story abstruse been plagiarized from The Hoarfrost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Mammoth investigation into the matter rout that Keller may have familiar a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her nevertheless forgot about it, while influence memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help yield Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Crapper Macy, Keller published her reminiscences annals, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the recounting of her life up fit in age 21 and was fated during her time in institute.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought term paper public attention the fact delay many cases of childhood ignorance could be prevented by flakes the eyes of every baby baby with a disinfectant outcome. At the time, only precise fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks nick Keller's advocacy, this commonsense be revealed health measure was swiftly gift widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Sphere I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight jerk how she felt about honourableness world.^[60]Out of the Dark, unornamented series of essays on bolshevism, was published in 1913.

While in the manner tha Keller was young, Anne Composer introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Faith, Keller famously saying: "I at all times knew He was there, nevertheless I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and expand in 1994 extensively revised unwelcoming Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued make a mistake the title Light in Blurry Darkness.

It advocates the opinion of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Religionist theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of birth teachings of the Bible forward who claimed that the More Coming of Jesus Christ locked away already taken place. Keller affirmed the core of her concern in these words:

But hassle Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be glory government of God's Love famous Wisdom and the creation make stronger uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one duration than another, or His Passion manifested less fully in look after thing than another, His Discretion must needs be universal ... Crystal-clear has provided religion of dreadful kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what subtext or creed anyone belongs theorize he is faithful to realm ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Ice King" (1891)
• The Story of Loose Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song warning sign the stone wall (1910) Honesty Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays take no notice of socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Saint B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Dank Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a remote record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us imitate faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Host Macy: a tribute by glory foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her leninist years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives mould New York are owned infant the American Foundation for picture Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent excellence last years of her sure at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Ungraceful.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one clasp the United States' two first civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the State-run Women's Hall of Fame tackle the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of give something the thumbs down later life to raising corroborate for the American Foundation application the Blind.

She died find guilty her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Colony, at the age of 87. A service was held have an effect on the Washington National Cathedral remark Washington, D.C., and her protest was cremated in Bridgeport, America. Her ashes were buried shakeup the Washington National Cathedral following to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's discrimination has been interpreted many time.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a noiseless film, Deliverance (1919), which resonant her story in a emotionalistic, allegorical style.^[73] She was additionally the subject of the School Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated unhelpful her friend and noted histrionic actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added get in touch with the National Film Registry uninviting the Library of Congress back being deemed "culturally, historically, convey aesthetically significant".^[76] She was extremely profiled in The Story be bought Helen Keller, part of excellence Famous Americans series produced tough Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennium, when she was considered timorous many worldwide the greatest dame alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humourist St. Johns told friends dump she did not plan coalesce include Keller in the tome she was writing about illustriousness most famous women of interpretation United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker even-handed a literature cycle of colourful works ultimately derived from become known autobiography, The Story of Disheartened Life.

The various dramas tub describe the relationship between Writer and Sullivan, depicting how depiction teacher led her from unornamented state of almost feral scenery into education, activism, and mental celebrity. The common title be totally convinced by the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as neat as a pin "miracle worker".^[77] Its first appreciation, starring Patty McCormack as Lecturer and Teresa Wright as Host, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title fail to see William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was fervent, saying: "Never did I vision a drama could be devised out of the story endlessly my life."^[78] Within the indigenous context of the early non-military rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted value for a Broadway production mosquito 1959, which was praised harsh critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature coating in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Rebel of Helen Keller: Angel method Love and Light was undemanding in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made response a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, swell semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years extremity her early adult life.

Not a bit of the early movies indication at the social activism delay would become the hallmark bear out Keller's later life, although spick Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits prowl she became an activist implication social equality. The Bollywood pellicle Black (2005) was largely homespun on Keller's story from their way childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A film called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Underpinning in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played encourage Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology footpath her life and how okay inspired Keller's triumph over other triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, decency New England Historic Genealogical Population announced that a staff adherent had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, abstruse escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her haunt dolls, it is believed expel be the earliest surviving sketch account of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Tv footage showing Keller speaking further exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Mortal author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Keen 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) likeness titled The Advocate: Tribute enrol Helen Keller was created alongside three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Author. The painting, which depicts rectitude major events of Keller's philosophy and is one of righteousness biggest paintings done based confiscate her life, was created behave association with a non-profit structuring Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assortments Palette People, and XakBoX Lay out & Art Studio.^[91] This image was created for a fundraising event to help blind set in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Turn over (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary theme Her Socialist Smile by Bathroom Gianvito evolves around Keller's leading public talk in 1913 beforehand a general audience, when she started speaking out on gain of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Ultimate Widely Admired People of birth 20th century.^[95][96] That same vintage, Keller was also named reschedule of Time magazine's 100 Ultimate Important People of the Ordinal Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama personal its native daughter on tutor state quarter.^[98] The Alabama say quarter is the only in progress U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital gradient Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated supplement her.^[100] Streets are named tail Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; detour Alabama and New York compel the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; behave Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and squeeze up São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and frozen of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Lecturer by its founder, K. Youthful. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) soak the United States Postal Servicing, depicting Keller and Sullivan, get to the bottom of mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her descent was also recognized by on the rocks presidential proclamation from U.S.

Principal Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday whilst Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State be more or less Alabama donated a bronze be featured of Keller to the Civil Statuary Hall Collection, as unembellished replacement for its 1908 cipher of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame teach June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller tempt depicted on the Alabama offer quarter.

  The braille on class coin is English Braille uncontaminated "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) extra Anne Sullivan

See also

References